Wow, it's been 4 years since I last blogged something! I usually just lurk on social media and I guess I was too busy to find the time to write about something reasonably interesting...
But hopefully today I did something I can present. I wanted to see how I could use WebAssembly to write plugins I could then load dynamically in Rust code. So far, results are good but only work with the wasm-bindgen conventions for calling and get results from functions. Still!
A lot of WebAssembly samples show you how to pass around the basic numeric types like i32, so I wanted something with Strings for a little extra complexity and interest. So our plugins will expose two methods:
- language takes no argument and return a string indicating which (human, not programming) language the plugin handles
- greet takes one argument, a person name, and return a greeting in the plugin's language
As you can see, not too involved, but a nice little use case.
The first plugin in Rust
I followed the instructions at the Rust and WebAssembly guide to get started, this was really painless. The Rust code for my first plugin is simply (including some generated code I didn't touch):
mod utils;
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
// When the `wee_alloc` feature is enabled, use `wee_alloc` as the global
// allocator.
#[cfg(feature = "wee_alloc")]
#[global_allocator]
static ALLOC: wee_alloc::WeeAlloc = wee_alloc::WeeAlloc::INIT;
/// The language we greet in.
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn language() -> String {
String::from("English")
}
/// Greet the given name.
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn greet(name: &str) -> String {
format!("Hello, {name}!")
}
Running wasm-pack build gives us a .wasm file that exports language and greet, good!
The plugin runner in Rust
I used the wasmtime crate to get a runtime engine capable of loading and calling WebAssembly modules. I didn't look for any utility functions and implemented the string handling functions necessary to interact with the wasm-bindgen exposed functions myself.
So cargo.toml has very few dependencies:
[dependencies]
wasmtime = "1.0.0"
anyhow = "1.0.70"
byteorder = "1.4.3"
The main function is fairly straightforward: it gets the arguments, creates the WASM engine and asks each plugin it can find in a folder to greet the person:
fn main() -> Result<()> {
let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
if args.len() != 2 {
return Err(anyhow!("Usage: i18n-greeter <name>"));
}
let engine = Engine::default();
let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
let paths = fs::read_dir("./plugins").unwrap();
for path in paths {
let path = path?;
let module = Module::from_file(&engine, path.path())?;
let mut runtime = Runtime::new(&engine, &linker, &module)?;
let language = runtime.language()?;
println!("Language: {language}");
let greeting = runtime.greet(&args[1])?;
println!("Greeting: {greeting}");
}
Ok(())
}
The magic is inside the Runtime struct, that actually handles the nitty-gritty of initializing all the necessary things for wasmtime to do its thing:
struct Runtime {
store: Store<()>,
memory: Memory,
/// Pointer to currently unused memory.
pointer: usize,
language: TypedFunc<i32, ()>,
greet: TypedFunc<(i32, i32, i32), ()>,
}
We have to manage the WebAssembly linear memory ourselves so we do it very simplify by keeping a pointer to where in the memory we can put stuff.
Initializing the runtime:
fn new(engine: &Engine, linker: &Linker<()>, module: &Module) -> Result<Self> {
let mut store = Store::new(engine, ());
let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, module)?;
let memory = instance
.get_memory(&mut store, "memory")
.ok_or(anyhow::format_err!("failed to find `memory` export"))?;
let language = instance
.get_func(&mut store, "language")
.ok_or(anyhow::format_err!(
"`language` was not an exported function"
))?
.typed::<i32, (), _>(&store)?;
let greet = instance
.get_func(&mut store, "greet")
.ok_or(anyhow::format_err!("`greet` was not an exported function"))?
.typed::<(i32, i32, i32), (), _>(&store)?;
Ok(Self {
store,
memory,
pointer: 0,
language,
greet,
})
}
With this we can do our own very basic memory management, which means reserving an area of memory, for example to read and write strings as UTF8 byte arrays, using the wasm-bindgen conventions:
/// Get a new pointer to store the given size in memory.
/// Grows memory if needed.
fn new_pointer(&mut self, size: usize) -> Result<i32> {
let current = self.pointer;
self.pointer += size;
while self.pointer > self.memory.data_size(&self.store) {
self.memory.grow(&mut self.store, 1)?;
}
Ok(current as i32)
}
/// Reset pointer, so memory can get overwritten.
fn reset_pointer(&mut self) {
self.pointer = 0;
}
/// Read string from memory.
fn read_string(&self, offset: i32, length: i32) -> Result<String> {
let mut contents = vec![0; length as usize];
self.memory
.read(&self.store, offset as usize, &mut contents)?;
Ok(String::from_utf8(contents)?)
}
/// Read bounds from memory.
fn read_bounds(&self, offset: i32) -> Result<(i32, i32)> {
let mut buffer = [0u8; 8];
self.memory
.read(&self.store, offset as usize, &mut buffer)?;
let start = (&buffer[0..4]).read_i32::<LittleEndian>()?;
let length = (&buffer[4..]).read_i32::<LittleEndian>()?;
Ok((start, length))
}
/// Write string into memory.
fn write_string(&mut self, str: &str) -> Result<(i32, i32)> {
let data = str.as_bytes();
let offset = self.new_pointer(data.len())?;
self.memory.write(&mut self.store, offset as usize, data)?;
Ok((offset, str.len() as i32))
}
Basically we pass two i32 when we need to transfer a string, the offset and length that we use on the linear memory to read or write the bytes.
Using these, wrapping our plugin functions is easy:
/// Call language function.
fn language(&mut self) -> Result<String> {
let offset = self.new_pointer(16)?;
self.language.call(&mut self.store, offset)?;
let (offset, length) = self.read_bounds(offset)?;
let s = self.read_string(offset, length)?;
self.reset_pointer();
Ok(s)
}
/// Call greet function.
fn greet(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<String> {
let offset = self.new_pointer(16)?;
let (start, length) = self.write_string(name)?;
self.greet.call(&mut self.store, (offset, start, length))?;
let (offset, length) = self.read_bounds(offset)?;
let s = self.read_string(offset, length)?;
self.reset_pointer();
Ok(s)
}
So if we copy the wasm file compiled from our first plugin into the plugins directory and run the program with my name:
cargo run "JP Moresmau"
Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.08s
Running `target/debug/i18n-greeter 'JP Moresmau'`
Language: English
Greeting: Hello, JP Moresmau!
Further steps
Of course now what would be very cool would be to be able to write plugins in other languages, but for example it looks like Go, even with TinyGo, is still very much tied to a Javascript runtime. Maybe the wasm-bindgen conventions will be ported to other languages than Rust in the future?
Trying it yourself
All the code can be found at https://github.com/JPMoresmau/greet-plugins.
